Ivnnou Alejandrvw to Filopnou per tw
to strolbou xrsevw ka kataskeuw ka
tn n at katagegrammnvn, dhlad t
kaston shmanei.
Tn n t strolb tw pifaneaw tw sfaraw j-
plvsin, ka tn n at katagegrammnvn tw ataw, tn
te xrean ato ew psa te ka poa kaysthke xrsimow,
w n ow te safw kyenai peirsomai, dh mn
kanw Ammvn filosf, t mn didaskl, spou-
dasmnhn, pleonow d mvw deomnhn safhneaw, w n ka
tow m tata pepaideumnoiw elhptow gnoito. toto
gr me poien tn sunyvn protrecn tinew. prton d,
t tn n at katagegrammnvn stn kaston, romen.
Per tw n t pipd katagrafw, n
doptra ketai, ka tnow kaston tn n to-
t katagegrammnvn st dhlvtikn.
A tonun n t pipd, n doptra ketai, do
eyeai kat t mson lllaw tmnousai t meshmbrin
ka rzonti nalogosin, n mn nvyen p to krkou
katiosa, di' o t rganon rtmen, naloge t kay' ka-
ston klma meshmbrin, d tra, tathn dixotomosa
prw ryw, t rzonti naloge. p d tathw tw t
rzonti nalogoshw mikklion sthke, dimetron xon a-
tn tathn tn grammn: per naloge t pr gn mi-
sfaire to orano. toto d t mikklion dxa tmnei
tra tn grammn, p to krkou katiosa, n fa-
men t meshmbrin nalogen. d tom sti kat t nv
praw tw grammw, t prw t krk. kteron d tn par'
ktera tetarthmorvn dirhtai ew nenkonta moraw, f'
n t tw diptraw pptei moirognvmnion: di' n (l. o) kr-
nomen t to lou llou tinw strow p to rzon-
tow jarma, psaw moraw kay' ksthn ran perrtai to
natoliko rzontow to dutiko. shmanei d mn ne-
nhkost mora t kat korufn f' ksthw oksevw sh-
meon, d prth t prw at rzonti, t natolikn,
t dutikn, w to rgnou xrsiw prontaw mw di-
djei. o mn psi d tow strolboiw kteron tn
do tetarthmorvn ew tw nenkonta dirhtai moraw, ll
t teron. rke gr mnon t teron, per n tx, prw
t diopteein. di' katrou gr sti gnnai pson k to
dutiko, k to natoliko rzontow jrtai liow
terw tiw str. ll' na xvmen =&dvw rtntew katr&
xeir t rganon diopteein, totou xrin n tisin mftera
t tetarthmria kataggraptai.
Per tw n tow tumpnoiw katagrafw, n ow
t klmata kataggraptai, ka tni tn kata-
gegrammnvn kaston naloge ka psvn st
moirn to zvdiako ljvsiw.
H mn on to pipdou, n doptra ketai, kata-
graf toton diattaktai tn trpon. d tn tumpnvn,
n ow t klmata kataggraptai, otvw xei. n kst
mn on pipd tumpnou do plin eyea esin movw
lllaw tmnousai, n mn tra, w p to krkou p
t ktv dikousa, plin t meshmbrin naloge, d loi-
p t rzonti. a ata gr esi taw n t ntikeimn
mrei, n doptra ketai. di ka motagw atw
kenaiw farmzein desei. es d ka kkloi katage-
grammnoi p t nv mrow to tumpnou, t prw
t rtmati, n mn tow monomoiriaoiw strolboiw ne-
nkonta, n d tow dimoiriaoiw pnte ka tessarkonta,
sper on n tow trimoiriaoiw trikonta, w n tow
katagrfousi dokoh. totvn mn jvyen ka mezvn
naloge t rzonti, ka, ege n dunatn ktenai tn
kklon, frmozen n t temnos, tn meshmbrinn e-
ye&: pe on toto dnaton, ektvw loipn, son ato
kurtoumnou kat t mson tw eyeaw popptei disthma,
tosoton katrvyen tn krvn atw perrthtai. ll'
mn eyea w n pipd diorzei t pr gn misfa-
rion to p gn, d kklow w n sfar&. o d ntw
te ka periexmenoi kkloi parllhlo esi t rzonti,
diesttew lllvn p' ato to rzontow p tn nv ka
nalogonta t pr gn, n mn tow monomoiriaoiw stro-
lboiw, mor& mi, n d tow dimoiriaoiw ka trimoiriaoiw,
do trisn, ste tmnesyai p' atn t pr gn mi-
sfarion stefanoeidw, oan xousi ysin o parllhloi k-
kloi n t muloeide to pantw ysei: nyen e o ntw
ka to rzontow chlteroi smikrtero esin j ngkhw,
te d lttona to pr gn misfairou perifreian
potemnmenoi. grfontai d n t sfar& o erhmnoi
kkloi, ow nalogosin o n t rgn, kntr mn, t
kay' ksthn okhsin kat korufn shme, diastmati d,
mn rzvn, t p to kat korufn dikonti p t
per tw to pantw diamtrou, o d jw e t dia-
stmati totou, prosafairontvn mn man moran, w
p tn monomoiriavn strolbvn, do trew, w
p tn dimoiriavn trimoiriavn. dlon d ti nen-
konta moirn ntow totou to diastmatow, tetarthmo-
rou gr perifreian xei mnhn, mxri tosotou gne-
tai faresiw, xriw o t disthma moiriaon p to
kat korufn gnhtai, w p tn monomoiriavn, do
pleinvn, w p tn loipn. t mn on metaj shmeon
tn kklvn, n piggraptai nenhkost mora, nalo-
ge t kat korufn ksthw oksevw, ste t shmeon
toto t at dnasyai t prw t prati t nv tw
grammw tw n t tr tumpn, n doptra ketai,
t prw at t rtmati. katr gr atw riymw
tn q moirn piketai. totouw d tow kklouw me-
shmbrinw dxa tmnei, tini tn grammn nalogen fa-
men tn p to krkou, di' atn tn kklvn katiosan,
w enai t mn rister mikklia, ntiprospvw mn to
rgnou keimnou, t natolik, ow ka natol piggraptai,
n ptetai liow tn xyvn (l. plnvn) strvn kastow
p natolw vw meshmbraw kinomenow, llote llvw (l. l-
lou): t d deji dutik, ow plin piggraptai dsiw, n p
meshmbraw vw dsevw fermenow ptetai. dlon d ti di
tn to rgnou braxthta o pntew esn o kkloi tleioi,
ll' o jvyen ka mezonew ka tw perimtrou to tump-
nou perekpptontew mitelew. piketai d ka tow k-
kloiw riymw atn p prtou mxriw nenhkosto. to-
sotvn gr sti moirn, w fhn, t p to rzontow
mxri to kat korufn disthma. ti d ka toto dlon
ginsyv, w rx tw pariymsevw p to rzontow
gnetai, tn atn riymn ggegrammnvn kay' kteron
atn mikklion, t te natolikn ka t dutikn, w p
tn jvyen ka miteln: p gr tn ntw ka televn
kat tn to meshmbrino grammn riymw tn kklvn
ttaktai. safw d omai, w p tn dimoiriavn ka tri-
moiriavn strolbvn t metaj tn kklvn disthma t-
mnetai ew tow paraleleimmnouw. otoi d o kkloi t
at dnantai taw n t tetarthmor to pipdou, n
doptra ketai, gegrammnaiw moraiw, per n tn r-
xn dieilfamen. t mn on mikklion to tumpnou, n
o erhmnoi kkloi kategrfyhsan, naloge t pr
gn misfair: t d loipn t p gn: per dirhtai ew
ib tmmata kat tn tn ib rn riymn, w n ka-
tr misfair, t te pr gn ka t p gn, ginme-
now liow poietai. piketai d ka taw grammaw ta-
taiw tn rn riymw, tw prthw raw p to duti-
ko mrouw rxomnhw, di' n romen prontew atan. ti
d ka teroi trew kkloi es katagegrammnoi p tn e-
rhmnvn paralllvn kklvn, tmnontew atow mn, lllouw
d perixontew. n mn ntw t yerin tropik nalo-
ge. periagomnhw mn on tw rxnhw, cei tn prthn
moran to karknou, n tn yerinn tropn poietai
liow, tn kklon toton grfousan. yen mezon mn stin
ato t pr gn mrow: toto d sti t di tn paralllvn
kklvn fermenon: latton d t p gn, toutsti (add. t)
di to loipo mrouw to tumpnou, n a riaai gram-
ma tetupvmnai esn, per ka naloge t p gn, w
erkamen, misfair. d totou deterow ka prosexw
perixvn atn kklow t shmerin stn nlogow: yen
t do shmerin shmea, te to krio rx ka to zu-
go, toton dirxontai, ka stin ato mftera t mik-
klia sa, t te di tn paralllvn gegrammnon, per st
t pr gn, ka t di tn riavn grammn, per t p
gn dhlo. totvn tn do kklvn t p gn mna e-
sn n tisi tn rgnvn tetupvmna mikklia. noontai d
t loip, di tn paralllvn felonta fresyai, di t
m tw katagrafw tn paralllvn p totvn tmnesyai.
d trtow ka mfotrouw perixvn t xeimerin tropik
sstoixw stin: yen to agokervw rx, kay' n
xeimerin trop gnetai, toton dirxetai. ka di toto
t mn pr gn to kklou totou mrion, toutsti t di
tn paralllvn gegrammnon, lattn sti, t d p gn,
t di tn riavn dhlonti grammn, mezon [tn trin
kklvn]. totvn d tn trin kklvn, to yerino tropi-
ko fhm ka shmerino ka xeimerino, prtow tn pa-
ralllvn diorzei t pr gn kstou tmma ka t p
gn. peidper ka nalogen atn famen t rzonti: p
to tropiko xeimerino vw to yerino tropiko, st t
pltow to zvdiako moirn mz, lept prta mh ka de-
tera m. sti d t p to xeimerino tropiko mxri to yeri-
no disthma moraw mh, w k tw tn paralllvn pi-
grafw sti gnnai. fsthke gr p mn t breia to
shmerino yerinw moraw kd, p d t ntia xeime-
rinw traw moraw kd. tn gr rxnhn rmsaw f'
ton tn klimtvn ka shmeivsmenow tn parllhlon, o
to agokervw kat tn meshmbrinn ptetai rx, ka
plin deteron, o to krio ka to zugo ptontai
rxa, ka trton, o to karknou ptetai rx, ka
riymsaw tow metaj paralllouw, erseiw p mn agoke-
rvw vw krio ka zugo paralllouw kd, p d krio ka
zugo vw karknou trouw kd: w enai t p agoke-
rvw vw karknou moirn mh: per disthma to zv-
diako ljvsiw pxei. piggraptai d ka t klma,
kay' ggonen kst pipd katagraf, ka svn stn
megsth mra shmerinn rn n ken t kl-
mati, ka psaw fsthke moraw t prokemenon klma
to shmerino. tw atw dhlonti ka breiow plow jr-
tai to rzontow, ka ntiow p gn fsthke. dlon
gr, ti son fsthken ksth okhsiw to shmerino, to-
soton ka breiow plow jaretai to rzontow, ka
ntiow p gn gnetai. n tisi d strolboiw, ka mlista
n tow monomoiriaoiw, ka at t ppedon, n doptra
ketai, kay' n ti tn klimtvn st katagegrammnon. ti-
nn d ka jvyen tuow (l. jvyen tus) ew tj dirhtai
moraw.
Per tn n t rxn katagegrammnvn.
Per mn on tn tumpnvn ka t boletai tn n
atow katagegrammnvn kaston, tosata. d' pikeimnh
totoiw rxnh tn te zvdiakn ka tinaw tn plann
strvn tow lamprotrouw xei. mn on tleiow n at
kklow ka rxmenow jvyen zvdiakw tugxnei n, o d
loipo ka mitelew tn plann tinw perixousin st-
raw, per n kat kairn romen. n d t zvdia-
k kataggraptai t ib zdia, p krio [ka] mxriw
xyvn. kaston d tn zvdvn n mn tow monomoiri-
aoiw rgnoiw dirhtai ew l moraw, n d tow dimoiriaoiw
ew ie, ka dlon w n tow trimoiriaoiw ew i: w exe ka
tn paralllvn graf. d rx tn moirn kstou
zvdou st prw t mrei kay' ggraptai t prton to
zvdou stoixeon, ka llvw prw t mrei, kay' t z-
dion gomenon ato to zvdou stn. oon to krio
gomenon zdin sti o xyew. k to prw tow xou-
sin (l. xysin) on mrouw rx to krio, ka otvw
p pntvn. tn d grammn tn shmantikn tn moirn,
tn mn dilou to pltouw to zvdiako dihkousn, tn d
mxri tw mseow, rx kstou gnetai zvdou p tw
dilou dihkoshw grammw. at gr tlow mn sti to
goumnou zvdou, rx d to pomnou. mn on to
pantw rgnou kataskeu stin ath. kairw d loipn ka
t per tw xrsevw ato diejelyen.
Per tw merinw to lou diopteaw, ka
pvw n atn mmeydvw metaxeirismeya.
E mn on n mr& tn to lou di to rg-
nou laben yloimen ran, rtmen k to krkou t rga-
non otvw, ste [prs] t tetarthmrion ato t ew tw q
katatetmhmnon moraw prw tn lion neein, ka loipn pe-
rigomen katamikrn tn doptran nv ka ktv met t
erhmnon n ka t at to kntrou tetarthmrion, mxriw
n ktw esbllousa di to prw t l tw diptraw
trupmatow, ew yteron t prw mw ps. na d m neu
logikw meydou katxontew t rganon dusxeranvmen per
tn doptran, ednai xr w toiathn de ysin xein t
rganon, ste tn jvyen tun ato, lgv d tn perme-
tron, p to lou katalmpesyai. kteron d tn
pipdvn, w on t sti, skizesyai. d ata stn ath,
ti t mn pl to rzontow, toutsti t kat korufn
shme, t to rtmatow shmeon naloge, t d paral-
ll, n grfei tte diopteumenow liow, to rgnou
permetrow. de on atn otv kesyai, ste n t at
pipd enai t paralll, n grfei tte liow. ka
stai d' n otvw, e ata kribw t tui to rg-
nou a ktnew to lou prosbllvsin, sane p' atw
keimnou to strow. otvw on sxhmatisyntow to rgnou,
de tn doptran, w epon, rma perigein nv te ka ktv
p n ka t at tetarthmrion to katagrafntow miku-
klou, t prw tn lion neon, mxriw n peuyeaw (l. p' ey.)
ginomnhw t l tw diptraw, to lou ktw, di to
trupmatow to prw atn susthmatou tw diptraw diel-
yosa, diaperaivy p t trphma ka to trou susth-
matou, to prw mw. n d t perigesyai atn cei
fw somgeyw te ka moisxhmon t trupmati peripla-
nmenon, ka pot mn de, pot d kese sumbanon t tw
diptraw kinsei. de on perigein tn doptran rma tde
kkese, mxriw n dvmen toto t fw mbllon t ntw
pipd to prw mw susthmatou ka t trupmati totou
prosarmzon, te loipn ka fanw at sumbanei gnesyai
te di keno xvron. e gon tn xera plhson to prw
mw trupmatow ggoiw atn, cei (l. ew at. c.) ppton t
fw. fanw d sumbanei pnth t fw gnesyai, e p,
di' w esbllei prton, tw traw ltton eh, kri-
bw sh. e gr mezvn ereyeh, sumbanei t fw pekp-
pton tw traw kat t ntw ppedon to susthmatou to
prw mw. totou on genomnou, de shmeiosyai mlani
toiot tin tn grammn, kay' n pese t moirognvm-
nion tw diptraw (toto d sti t kron to kanonou t
ew j lgon), ka metren psh stn rxomnhw (l. rxom-
nous) ktvyen p to rzontow, n te prw meshmbran
(l. pr meshmbras) doptra (l. dioptea) gnhtai, n te
met meshmbran. sai gr ka een p to rzontow mo-
rai, tosoton tugxnei n ka t p natolw dsevw
cvma to lou. shmeivsmenoi on tn moran, f' w
diopteetai liow, oon e txoi tn triakostn, de lam-
bnein j fhmerdow t te zdion ka tn moran ato, n
st kat' kenhn tn mran liow, w tn ran eren
boulmeya, ka k tw meydou, n fejw lgein mllomen.
Updeigma.
Estv tuxn n kri kat tn k moran. de on
tn k to krio moran p to zvdiako to n t r-
xn shmeiosyai mlani khr toiot tin, eta loi-
pn piskopen, n po klmati ntew diopteomen, ka lam-
bnein t tmpanon, n t prokemenon klma kataggra-
ptai, ka rmzein otvw n t parnti rgn, ste
jvtrv pantw enai t zhtomenon klma: eta tn rxnhn
tot pitiynai. ka e mn on pr meshmbraw dioptea
gnoito, lambnein xr tn n t tumpn to prokeimnou
klmatow sriymon t diopteuyes mor& parllhlon k-
klon, w nn n poysei, tn triakostn, tn rxn tw pa-
riymsevw poiomenon p to mrouw, n piggraptai
natol, e d met meshmbran tn rxn poiomeya, k
to ntikeimnou, n piggraptai dsiw. eta mlani sh-
meiosyai de toton tn kklon pleosi stigmaw kat p-
san sxdon tn grammn. e d m monomoiriaow strla-
bow, ll dimoiriaow trimoiriaow diopteuyew tn moi-
rn riymw n t metaj tn kklvn diastmati pptei,
de dlon ti t metaj disthma tmnein nalgvw, ka tn
tpon, nya pptei zhtomenow riymw, movw stigmaw
pleosin nvyen vw ktv shmeiosyai. totou d genomnou,
de tn rxnhn perigein mxriw n t zdion ka n at
mora, n pxei liow, picas to paralllou kklou,
kay' n diopteetai prxvn (l. prxvn l.) liow,
n ka pleosi stigmaw shmeiosyai parekeleusmeya, diti
dhlon n poaw atn cetai to lou mora, periagomnhw
tw rxnhw. totou d genomnou, ednai de, ti n t pn
ysin xei kat' kenhn tn ran, tn atn ka t rganon
xon diatetpvtai, motagw t pant. met toto lamb-
nein de tn kat dimetron to lou moran, sper nn
tn k to zugo, ka shmeiosyai di mlanow n po shme
to tumpnou pptvke: pptei d pantw (l. pntvs) n t na-
logonti t p gn ato mrei: ey' otvw riymonta
tw tn rn shmantikw grammw p prthw dutiko,
tiw k to dutiko mrouw tn rxn poietai, pofanesyai
tw nusmnaw to lou raw, ka mrion, e m p miw
tn riavn grammn kat dimetron to lou ps
mora, ll' n t metaj diastmati. t at ka p tw
metashmerinw diopteaw. n tot gr diafor m-
non, ti n t tn paralllvn kklvn lcei n taw pr
meshmbraw diopteaiw p to natoliko poiomeya tn
rxn tw pariymsevw, n d taw met meshmbran
p to dutiko. tn mntoi tn rn lcin e p
to dutiko mrouw rxmenoi poiomeya, n te merin
eh dioptea, n te nukterin, di' n nn romen
atan.
Di t n t nalogonti t p gn tmmati
a riaai gramma kategrfhsan, ka di
t tn rxn tw pariymsevw atn poi-
omeya, ka pw n ka t tw raw lhfyeh
mrow.
Epe gr safhneaw te ka exereaw plesthn panta-
xo spoudn Ptolemaow pepohtai, snoide d, ti e ka-
tagrafn n t nalogonti t pr gn misfair poi-
saito, (n ka tn tn paralllvn kklvn pohse kata-
grafn,) sgxusin nepoei t rgn ka dusxreian tow
xrvmnoiw ew t diakrnein, poai mn gramma tn rn
es shmantika, poai d tn paralllvn: di toto ew
yteron mikklion katagegrfhke tw raw. dlou d n-
tow kenou, ti son stn pr gn kklou mrow, dir-
xetai liow kay' ksthn moran, tosotn stin p gn
grfei kat dimetron to lou mora, (oon, son
grfei kklou mrow pr gn ekost to krio mo-
ra, tosoton p gn ekost to zugo, ka p pn-
tvn tn kat dimetron satvs) ka ti son f-
sthken pr gn n liow p to natoliko rzontow,
tosoton kat dimetron ato mora p gn p
to dutiko disthken rzontow: odn ra diafrei prw
t gnnai t pson to diastmatow, pxei k tw na-
tolw liow, [ete p totou], ete at tot tiw merseien,
ete tn p to dutiko rzontow p gn [dimetron
moran p tn] kat dimetron moran. son gr enai po-
ddeiktai, sper epomen. pe on di tn tn katagrafn
sgxusin n t nalogonti t pr gn misfair tw
tn rn katagrafw ok dnato poisai ka di toto
n t ntikeimn pepohke, totou xrin tn te kat
dimetron to lou moran lambnei ka tathn zhte,
pson keknhtai p gn p to dutiko rzontow, ka
tosathn pofanetai enai tn to lou pr gn knhsin
p to natoliko rzontow. ath mn on ata to
tn kat dimetron to lou moran lambnein, di' n ka
p dsevw tn rn parymhsiw gnetai p t p
gn misfarion. na d ka t mrion tw raw pson stn
kribw edehmen, te m ew atn tn riavn ppt gram-
mn kat dimetron to lou mora, ll' n t metaj,
de shmeiosyai stigm tn tpon nya pesen: eta kat' ato
to shmeou yntew (l. yntas) klamon mlani bebregmnon, ka
metaknhton fuljantew (l. tas) atn n t lhfyes tw r-
xnhw mor&, ka sumperigontew atn n t rxn par' ktera
mxri tn par' ktera riavn grammn, tn k to m-
lanow ginomnhn n t tumpn grammn metren lhn spar-
t toiot tin: eta zhten, pston mrow st tw lhw
tathw grammw mxri to shmeou, n pesen kat di-
metron mora tw diopteuyeshw. ka otv ka t mrion
tw raw ka t pston stn pofanetai.
Etra myodow.
Ka llvw d texnikteron sti t tw raw mrion eren.
de gr n tn moirognvmonvn n t moirognmoni tw rx-
nhw pithrsai, psouw deisi paralllouw, lon ka mrow,
n s lhfyesa to zvdiako mora lon t metaj tn
par' ktera riavn grammn disthma deisin, n p-
ptvken: eta plin nvyen skopen, psouw deisi parall-
louw mrow t at moirognvmnion, n s plin at
mora deisi t mrow tw raw t zhtomenon mxri to
metaj shmeou, n pptvke, ka otvw erskein tn to
mrouw lgon prw tn (l. t) lon: oon, e tn lhn moiriaan
distasin t moirognvmnion tssaraw tuxn dilye paral-
llouw ka misu, trton enai mrow lge tw raw t zh-
tomenon. toto d poien dunatn ka p tn rgnvn, f'
n (add. ) jvyen tuw tn tumpnvn ka ato to doxeou
to dirhmnou dirhtai ew tj moiriaa tmmata k to
ew at pptontow tw rxnhw moirognvmonou. riym-
santew gr n ps psaw moraw t zhtoumn r& t moi-
rognvmnion deisin, eta plin psaw t at deisi moiro-
gnvmnion n t mrei t dihnusmn tw atw raw, per
zhtomen pson (l. pston) st tw lhw, k totvn tw
prw llhla summetraw, tn te tw lhw raw ka tn
to mrouw, cmeya pston st t tw lhw mrow t zh-
tomenon.
Oti ka tssara kntra sunanafanetai, t te
roskopon ka t mesouranon ka t diame-
tronta totoiw: ka ti n dxetai n tisin r-
gnoiw n t tuxnti tumpn diopteein.
Ek d tw ysevw tathw atyen xomen ka t tw-
sara kntra, t te roskopon ka t mesouranon ka
t totoiw kat dimetron, t te dutikn fhmi, ka t
p gn to mesouranontow. tw gr to zvdiako moraw,
n stn liow, (sper pkeitai nn tw k to krio) kei-
mnhw n t paralll, n erhtai (t triakost tuxn
p natols), de skopen, pon sti t natllon zdion,
ka psth totou mora ka mrow atw to rzontow
ptetai, ka tathn roskopen pofanesyai: movw rn,
poon dnei zdion ka poa totou fptetai mora to
dutiko rzontow, toutsti to prw dusmw sxtou pa-
ralllou, ka tathn enai lgein dutikn kntron: d-
lon d, w kat dimetron keimnh t natellos stn
dnousa: ti ka poon zdin sti ka psth totou
mora, tiw fptetai tw nalogoshw t meshmbrin
grammw n t nalogonti t pr gn misfair to
tumpnou mrei, ka tata (l. tathn) enai lgein t me-
souranon kntron, tn d diametrosan atn n t p
gn dhlonti mesouranmati, tiw n t loip mrei,
t p gn misfair to tumpnou mrei, pesetai tw
t mesouran nalogoshw grammw. ka toto d ed-
nai de, ti n ow jvyen tuw tn tumpnvn ew tw tj
moraw dirhtai, diforn stin n odpote tumpn tn
doptran rmsantaw diopteein, to gnvmonou ato prow-
pptontow ew atw: t d loip tw xrsevw, n t zh-
toumn klmati tn rxnhn rmzontaw, de poien, w dh
epomen.
Per tw nukterinw tn plann strvn n-
txnou diopteaw.
Per mn on tw merinw diopteaw tosata. per d
tw nukterinw epvmen, ti katagegrammnoi esn n t
rxn plann ka lamprn strvn tinw, n tis mn
iz, n tis d ka pleouw: n pntaw (l. pntvs) tinw n ps nu-
kt ka n kst r& fresyai pr gn ngkh, oon
tuxn luraow ka rktorow ka o loipo, ow ka n t
rxn katagegrammnouw erseiw. parkeitai d kst t
dion to pigegrammnou strow moirognvmnion. de on n nu-
kt tn ran laben ylontaw diopteein na tn keimnvn n
t rxn strvn tn fainmenon (l. tn fainomnvn) pr gn.
diopteuysetai otvw. metevrzomen k to rtmatow t rga-
non ka pernv at to metrou tyemen mmatow, ka
tn dirhmnhn ew tw nenkonta moraw to rgnou pleu-
rn piklnomen prw tn diopteumenon stra, w n t
at pipd to strow atn, w ndxetai mlista, ke-
syai. eta t mma poyntew kat tn doptran, perigo-
men atn rma tde kkese, mxriw n to mmatow
ktw di tw pw to ktv susthmatou prosbllousa t
p to nv susthmatou di' mfon ma tn stra ye-
shtai: nya ka kribeaw pleonow xrea, m, paratrcan-
tew t mma, lyvmen autow jvyen tn susthmatvn
yeasmenoi tn stra ka m di' atn. di de montaw
tn teron fyalmn, yatr mn diopteein, m plnh tiw,
n erkamen, gnhtai. dioptesantew on tn stra, sko-
pomen tn moran, n t moirognvmnion tw diptraw pese,
psh stn p to rzontow, movw tow p to lou gi-
nomnoiw, ka tathn shmeiomeya. eta zhtsantew t klma,
n n t' dioptesamen (l. ntew divptesamen,) tn motag te
ka sriymon n at parllhlon t diopteuyes mor&: sh-
meiomeya plin mlani. e mn on diopteuyew str n t
to meshmbrino tetarthmor tugxnei n, p tw nato-
lw de tn parllhlon shmeiosyai: e d met meshm-
bran, p dsevw, paraplhsvw tow p to lou gegenh-
mnoiw: eta tn rxnhn rmsantew n divptesamen
ntew klmati, zhtomen n at tn diopteuynta stra:
oon fre epen tn luraon tn stxun llon tin: ka
totou genomnou, perigomen tn rxnhn, w n totou to
strow moirognvmnion fchtai to paralllou kklou,
f' diopteetai str, n ka shmeivsmeya. eta la-
bntew j fhmerdow tn to lou moran, n tugxnei
n tte liow, ka k tw met' lgon lexyhsomnhw mn
meydou, atyen ersomen atn osan n t mikukl
to tumpnou, n a rai kategrfhsan. shmeivsmenoi
on mlani ka riymsantew tw raw p dsevw ka t
loip poisantew movw tow p to lou, tw te dihnu-
smnaw tte nukterinw raw ka t mrion, e otv txoi,
ersomen. satvw d ka t tttara kntra atyen c-
meya kemena p tn okeon tpon.
Pw de gnnai, pteron pr to meshmbrino
diopteuyew liow tn plann strvn ka-
stw stin (add. ) n at met' atn: ka pw
ksthw tn n t zvdiak moraw t mgiston
sti laben cvma.
E mn on pr to mesourano kklou pleston dieistkei
(l. disthken), met tn meshmbrinn, diopteumenow str
liow, =&da gnetai dignvsiw k tw asysevw, pooiw
tmmasi tn paralllvn xrhsmeya, pteron tow pr me-
shmbraw tow met meshmbran. od gr (add., e) pol prw
t natolik nneuken rzonti, pol prw t dutik,
plnh gnetai, pteron pr meshmbraw stn, met meshm-
bran diopteuyew str liow. e d snegguw eh
lan to mesourano, dhlon stai, pteron pr to meshm-
brino stn, met tn meshmbrinn. diakrnomen d ka
toto tn trpon toton. e tn lion divptesamen, de zh-
ten, pston cotai kat' kenhn tn mran t mgiston, kay'
n divptesamen. na d toto gnmen, de laben t zdion
ka tn moran, n stn liow kay' kenhn tn mran,
sper nn tn ekostn to krio, ka shmeivsmenoi (l. m-
nous) n t rxn mlani tathn tn moran, perigein a-
tn, mxriw n picas tw to meshmbrino grammw: eta
zhten pst paralll frmose, ka toto lgein t m-
giston p gw cvma to lou n t ekost mor& to
krio ntow. totou d genomnou, e mn diopteuyew liow
p tathw erhtai tw moraw, lgv d to megstou c-
matow, dlon w p' ato to mesourano tetxhken n:
e d lattnvn dipteutai moirn, pr meshmbraw met
meshmbran prxen. na on toto gnmen, mikrn pi-
sxntew, plin dioptesomen, ka e mn pleona tn moirn
genmenon ervmen riymn, dlon ti pr meshmbraw n
te prton dipteutai: e d' lttona, met meshmbran.
ka llvw: e dioptesantew tn lion, eromen atn, e
txoi, moirn o to rzontow cvynta, eta ox oo te men
k tw asysevw diakrnai, pteron pr meshmbraw stn,
met meshmbran, de, perimenantaw movw brax ti, plin
dioptesai: ka e mn prosyhke tuxn ka ggonen oa, e-
dhlon w pr meshmbraw prteron dipteutai liow n:
e d fele ka ggone tuxn jy, dlon ti prteron, te
divpteyh, met meshmbran n. n' on toto gnmen, de
p dsevw tn tn paralllvn parymhsin poiesyai, w
prton divpteyh to rzontow phrmnow, w pkeitai nn,
tn o: eta farmzein tn n t rxn to zvdou mo-
ran, n (l. ) tugxnei tte n liow, kat tn diopteu-
ynta parllhlon, sper nn tn p dsevw bdomhkostn.
ka e mn n at eh t mesouran diopteuyew, dlon w
p' atw pesetai tw grammw to lou mora tw t me-
shmbrin nalogoshw, ka tow paralllouw tmnei: e d
met meshmbran, paralljei tathn w p dsin. ta-
ta mn p to lou. ka p tn strvn d tow atow
plin xrhsmeya trpoiw, zhtontew pson diopteuyew str,
n diopteetai klmati, t mgiston cotai. toto d
gnvsmeya otv: t moirognvmnion ato t nalogos e-
ye& t mesouran farmzontew ka skopontew, pst pa-
ralll, e kat' atn tn to meshmbrino grammn fr-
mose, tosoton ato lgein kat' keno t klma t mgiston
cvma: ka t loip poien sa ka p to lou gnesyai
dietjamen. ka t deutr d trp kntaya xrhston.
brax gr plin de dialpein, eta diopteein ka t loip
satvw poien. plin gr e met' lgon dioptesantew
tn stra, lttona moirn eromen tn riymn, t to
diopteuyntow strow moirognvmnion rmsantew t ri-
ym to paralllou, f' katelhptai n t prt diopte&
n, (p dsevw, w epon, tn parymhsin tn paralllvn
poiomenoi,) e mn eromen p' atw tw t meshmbrin
nalogoshw grammw ppton t to strow moirognvmnion,
famn atn p' ato to meshmbrino diopteuynai, e
d tathw w p dsin paralljasan, met meshmbran: k
d tn erhmnvn dln sti, pw on t stin, ksthw mo-
raw zvdou t mgiston laben cvma kay' kaston klma.
de gr, tn rxnhn n t tumpn to zhtoumnou klma-
tow pitiyntaw, eta tn moran kenhn, w t cvma laben
boulmeya, perigein mxriw n picas tw to meshm-
brino grammw: ka atyen ersomen ka tn pigrafn
katagegrammnhn to tn moirn cmatow. otvw on ka
t cvma ksthw moraw eren dunhsmeya. toto d
sti ginskein tn meshmbrinn kay' kaston klma.
Pw stin eren, psoiw shmerinow xrnoiw
n kaston zdion nafretai ka psoiw dnei.
Ka llhn d xrean to rgnou prosysomen. er-
somen gr di' ato, psoiw xrnoiw shmerinow kay' ka-
ston klma tn zvdvn kaston k to natoliko rzontow
pr gn nafretai, ka psoiw plin katadetai. ston
d prton, ti n t mrei to rgnou, n t tmpana
mblletai ka rxnh pityetai, ka doxeon tn tum-
pnvn kalen eyhsan, pansthk tiw perifreia dirhmnh,
w ka prteron epon, ew tj moraw, atinew nalogosi
taw to shmerino tomaw, w ka xrnouw shmerinow ka-
losin. rmozomnou d to pantw rgnou, sunexw pvw
gnetai panesthkua perifreia t pipd to jvyen
pikeimnou tumpnou, w n trpon tin t pn ppe-
don gnesyai. ka gr n tow monomoiriaoiw rgnoiw, n
ow ok stin w p t pol doxeon, ll' kaston tm-
panon at kay' aut dirhmnon st di' at t mge-
yow, ka ox tr pikemenon, ok pansthke mn lvw
erhmnh perifreia. n kst d prati tumpnou, tou-
tsti t perimtr atn, o erhmnoi tj shmerino xr-
noi katagegrammnoi esn: n ow ka t tw rxnhw moi-
rognvmnion pptei.
Updeigma.
Upokesyv on, zhten mw, n psoiw shmerinow xr-
noiw skorpow tuxn n t trt klmati nafretai. de
on n tot t klmati tn rxnhn pitiynai: eta tn
prthn to skorpou moran rmzein t prt j na-
tolw paralll: eta zhten t n t tlei tw rxnhw
moirognvmnion: ketai d kat tn jvyen atw kklon
tn mtomon: po& mor& to erhmnou kklou frmosen,
n famen ew tj moraw dirsyai, a ka shmerino xr-
noi kalontai, ka tathn shmeiosyai: eta perigein tn
rxnhn, mxriw n sxth to skorpou mora, toutstin
triakost, panexy ka farms t prt j na-
tolw paralll: eta plin zhten t erhmnon moirognv-
mnion, po& mor& to ato nklou frmose, ka sh-
meiosyai ka tathn: eta metren tw psaw p tw j r-
xw shmeisevw mxri tw steron, ka son n ervmen tn
tj xrnvn dielhluyw t moirognvmnion n ps t to skorpou
nafor, n tosotoiw lgein atn shmerinow xrnoiw pa-
nafresyai. t at ka p tn loipn kstou. otvw
on gnvsmeya ka kaston zdion kay' kaston klma n
psoiw shmerinow xrnoiw nafretai. tn atn d tr-
pon ersomen ka psoiw shmerinow xrnoiw kaston kata-
detai, tn prthn movw to zhtoumnou zvdou moran
rmsantew t sxt paralll prw dsin, ka shmeiv-
smenoi tn moran, n t jvyen tw rxnhw moirognv-
mnion pesen: eta plin perigontew, ka tn tria-
kostn ato moran ew tn atn dutikn rzonta yntew,
toutsti tn sxaton parllhlon: ka plin t tw r-
xnhw moirognvmnion piskopsantew po pptvke, ka ri-
ymsantew, psouw dielluyen shmerinow xrnouw n ps
to zvdou katafor, romen n tosotoiw xrnoiw t zdion
katelyen p gn.
Pw ksthw mraw ka nuktw kairikn ran
ersomen: movw psvn stn shmerinn.
xrnvn.
T at d meyd ka ksthn mran kairikn, psvn
stn shmerinn xrnvn, eren (add. stin) ka ksthn ran.
na d toto gnmen, de plin laben tn moran, n stn
liow, ka tathn farmzein t prt j natolw paral-
ll: eta shmeiosyai tn moran, n t n t rxn moiro-
gnvmnion pptei: eta perigein tn rxnhn, mxriw n mora
to lou n t teleuta kat t dutikn mrow gnhtai
paralll, tatn d' epen, mxriw n t pr gn lon
misfarion kperily liow. totou d genomnou, de
plin shmeiosyai tn moran, n t moirognvmnion tw
rxnhw pese, ka riymen tw moraw, rxomnaw (l. mnous)
prton j w shmeivsmeya mxri tw teleutaaw: ka to-
sotvn xrnvn shmerinn lgein enai tn prokeimnhn
mran: totouw d mersantaw ew tn ib, lgein ka
ksthn ran kairikn psvn st xrnvn shmerinn, ka
mrouw. t at d meyd ka tn doyesan mn kairi-
kn nkta ka tn kairikn rn atw t mgeyow er-
somen, tn to lou moran p tn dutikn tiyntew r-
zonta, toutstin n t sxt paralll, ka shmeio-
menoi, po& mor& tw jvyen tuow to rgnou sumbllei t
tw rxnhw moirognvmnion: eta perigontew tn r-
xnhn, vw n to lou mora, t nalogon t p
gn to tumpnou mrow dielyosa, to natoliko cas
rzontow, toutsti to sxtou prw natoln parall-
lou: ka toto poisantew, skopmen plin tn moran, w
fptetai t tw rxnhw moirognvmnion: eta tw psaw
riymsantew p tw j rxw shmeivyeshw, tosotvn enai
lgomen shmerinn xrnvn tn prokeimnhn kairikn nkta.
ka tataw (l. totous) on ew t ib mersantew, erskomen
ka tn nukterinn ran psvn stn shmerinn xrnvn.
xeiw on nteyen ka tn tn kairikn rn ew tw sh-
merinw dikrisin.
Pw stin eren k to rgnou tn to lou
poxn: n plin, pw sti laben t kay'
ksthn mran to lou mgiston cvma.
Ka tn poxn d to lou laben stin neu chfo-
foraw k tw to rgnou xrsevw tn trpon toton. de
laben t mgiston kat' kenhn tn mran p gw cvma
to lou: lhcmeya d toto diopteontew atn per a-
tn tn meshmbran: dlon d ti pleistkiw diopteein
de mxriw n mhkti t cei prosy, ll, t mgiston
ryew cvma, plin rjhtai meiosyai ka prosgeiterow
gnesyai: safw gr, ti t f' o rjato fairen tou-
tstin ato t mgiston cvma: labntew on toto, eta
piskopsantew, poon tetarthmrion dirxetai liow, p-
teron t p tw arinw shmeraw, t p metopvrinw,
t p yerinn trpvn, t p xeimerinn, (safw d
toto pnth: ka gr o xrnoi, o te shmerino ka o tro-
piko, psin prxousi gnrimoi) lhcmeya toto t
tetarthmrion n t zvdiak t n t rxn: eta yntew a-
tn tn rxnhn n ntew divptesamen klmati, ka k-
sthn to tetarthmorou moran, n dirxetai tte liow,
farmsantew thnikata t mesouran, zhtsomen poa
atn tosotouw cotai paralllouw n t mesouran
ka tn genomnhn, sh (l. shn) erhtai kat' kenhn tn mran
comenow liow, kenhn pofainmeya pxein tte tn
lion. toto d gnetai, e m plhson eh tn tropikn
liow, ll pol totvn disthke. e gr plhsizei, t-
raw plin desei diakrsevw, n didjomen.
Poai morai tn n t zvdiak p tn a-
tn es paralllvn, ka t at cvma
contai: ka pw stin eren atn tn lion
met t tropik shmea, n po tetarthmor
to zvdiako prxei.
Odema mn on tn n t at tetarthmor mora
t at cvma tr& cotai. n pant d t zvdiak
met t tropik shmea kat do mnaw t at cvma
coumnaw erseiw. es d atai a p tn atn pa-
rllhlon osai. p tn atn d esi parllhlon a
tn shn pstasin festhkuai tn tropikn shmevn,
katrou d&, to te yerino fhm ka xeimerino, ka
kurvw st tropik: k totvn gr p te t breia
ka p t ntia trpetai liow: p mn gr agoke-
rvw rxetai p bor
=n cosyai, mxri karknou.
k totou d plin napodzein rxetai ka katinai prw
nton mxriw agokervw. t mntoi shmerin zdia tro-
pik fas tinew, kay d enai lgousin o pollo tw tro-
pw di tw tn rn metabolw. mna on t do sh-
mea kurvw es tropik, lgv d prth mora to kar-
knon tuxn, ka prth mora to agokervw. nn gr
ok kribologhton per totvn, per od sstoix esin
troiw: odema gr to zvdiako mora t at cvma
cotai totoiw: prata gr esi lojsevw ato: yen
od p tn atn esi parllhlon ote llloiw ote
ll tin tn n t zvdiak mor&. t d shn festhkta
distasin totvn tinw par' ktera f' na te ka tn
atn esi parllhlon, ka di toto t at cvma p
tw gw contai: oon fsthke par' ktera tw rxw
to karknou shn distasin rx to lontow ka tn
didmvn rx: l gr mora esi par' ktera. atai
mn on a do morai, te to lontow rx ka tn
didmvn plin rx, p te tn atn esi parllhlon, ka
di toto t at mgiston cvma contai p gw. na
d safw gnhtai t legmenon, de ew t do prata to
pr gn misfairou rmsai t do shmerin zdia,
ew t natolikn mn fre tn rxn to zugo, ew t
dutikn d tn rxn to krio. tata gr cei na ka
tn atn xonta parllhlon, tn prtiston, di' o rzetai
t te t pr gn misfair nalogon to tumpnou m-
row ka t p gn. totvn d otv keimnvn, cei ka
tn prthn to karknou moran farmzousan t to
meshmbrino gramm ka tn to agokervw prthn,
ka p t shmerin son disthke to yerino, lgv d
tw to karknou prthw moraw. di toto p te tn
atn esi parllhlon, w epen (l. epon), ka t at
cvma p tw gw contai, eta movw ka tw
loipw katrvyen son diesthkuaw moraw p tw pr-
thw to karknou plin cei to ato fvptomnaw
paralllou ka t at mgiston coumnaw disthma.
tw atw d tataw cei ka k tn do shmerinn sh-
mevn son diesthkuaw. t gr tn tropikn tinw son die-
sthkta, tata ka tn shmerinn mfotrvn son disthke
yteron yatrou, ll to mn p t gomena, to d p
t pmena: oon, son disthken rx tn didmvn tw
rxw to krio p t gomena, tosoton rx to l-
ontow tw rxw to zugo p t pmena: ka plin son
disthke p t pmena rx tn didmvn tw rxw to
karknou, tosoton p t gomena rx to lontow tw
rxw to karknou. ll' ox ti k tn shmerinn son
diestkasi, di toto p tn atn esi parllhlon, ll'
ti k tn tropikn. tw gon rxw to krio son die-
stkasin te tn xyvn rx ka to tarou, ll'
ote p tn atn esi parllhlon, ote t at m-
giston cvma contai mfv. o mn gr xyew es
notiteroi, d tarow boreiterow: ll mn ka son
disthken p t gomena (l. pmena) tw rxw to
krio tn xyvn rx, tosoton plin disthken p
t gomena (l. pmena) rx tw parynou tw
rxw to zugo. ll' ok esin p tn atn parl-
lhlon, peper borea mn stin pryenow, ntioi
d o xyew. pe on t par' ktera tn tropi-
kn tinw son diestta p tn atn esi parllh-
lon, mfv d t shmerin tn tropikn son disthke ka
p tn atn esi parllhlon, di toto ka t katrvyen
tn do shmerinn son diestta yteron yatrou, to mn
p t gomena, to d p t pmena, n (add. t) at
es paralll. odn d deisi kn tn mn rxn to krio
kat tn natolikn yehw rzonta, tn d rxn to zugo
kat tn dutikn, mesouranoshw dhlonti tw rxw to ago-
kervw. t gr at cei plin sumbanonta. do on tn
shmevn ntvn mnon par' ktera tn tropikn [tn] t
at coumnvn disthma, e mn to lou per at t
tropik ntow tn poxn ato zhtomen, dusdignvstow
eresiw gnetai, n po tetarthmor tugxnei n, di t
at cosyai tw par' kteron son festhkuaw tn
tropikn. oon tw rxw to karknou fre moraw q,
tn d f' ktera met i, toutsti tw dekthw to kar-
knou ka ekostw tn didmvn, coumnvn, w n poysei, mo-
raw pz, e per tn ekostn tn didmvn ntow to lou,
per tn dekthn to karknou, zhtsomen tn to lou poxn:
eta labntew ato t mgiston cvma moirn prxon w pe-
ymeya pz, zhtomen poa mor tinow tn n t rxn
tetarthmorvn tosoton cotai t mgiston: ka ersomen
ti ka to karknou dekth ka tn didmvn ekost
t at poietai t mgiston cvma: ka pe ox oo
te men kribw k tw asysevw diakrnai, pteron
pr tn yerinn tropn stn liow n t k tn did-
mvn, met tw yerinw tropw n t i to krio:
t at gr sumbanei ka p totou, per sunbaine
per atn tn meshmbran, diopteuntvn mn tn lion:
toto d tuxn gnetai, e, n rm poln diatrcantew
xrnon, mhdn edehmen lvw tn mna, par' ynei
diafrvw ka o kay' mw riymonti tow mnaw mh-
dlvw riymonti plin: man do mraw dialepontew
ka dioptesantew movw, e mn prosynta ervmen tn lion
t cmati, dlon ti pr yerinn tropn prteron n,
e d felnta, met yerinw. ka otv mn on, e plh-
son eh tn yerinn, tn xeimerinn tropn liow.
e mntoi pol festhkw eh liow tn yerinn tn
xeimerinn tropn p tde p tde, ma stai loipn
mfisbthsiw, poou tetarthmorou de zhten moran toso-
ton coumnhn t mgiston, son diopteetai mn come-
now liow. e mn gr pr yerinn tropn zthsiw eh,
p krio mxri tw l tn didmvn moraw, tatn d epen,
prthw karknou zhten de poa totvn mora tosoton to
rzontow t mgiston cotai, per comenow diopteetai
tte liow: e d met yerinw tropw, p tw rxw
to karknou mxri tw l moraw tw parynou, tatn d
epen, rxw to zugo. movw e mn pr xeimerinn
tropn p' rxw to zugo mxri triakostw to toj-
tou, tatn d epen, rxw agokervw: e d met
xeimerinw tropw, p' rxw agokervw mxri triakostw
xyvn, tatn d epen, rxw krio.
Pw tn planvmnvn kstou tn poxn er-
somen.
Esti d ka tn loipn planvmnvn tw poxw k to
rgnou laben kribw mn, tan sin n at t di m-
svn tn zvdvn, paxumersteron d, e paralttoien p
ytera, tn trpon toton. de prton na tn nteta-
gmnvn plann n t rxn dioptesai, kat tn dh pa-
radoyesan myodon: eta mayntaw psouw cyh tte pa-
ralllouw to natoliko rzontow to dutiko, kata-
stsai tn rxnhn n diopteomen klmati, nalgvw t
to pantw ysei: toto d sti t moirognvmnion to dio-
pteuyntow planow farmzein t paralll, n ka
dipteutai n: eta plin tn zhtomenon tn planvmnvn
diopteein ka shmeiosyai, psouw jrtai paralllouw k
to dutiko natoliko rzontow, ka zhten tn sri-
ymon t prokeimn klmati parllhlon, ka totou t tm-
ma t prw dusmw prw natolw, n katelhptai n
planmenow: eta zhten t tmma toto to paralllou,
po& mor& to zvdiako sumbllei, kkenhn lgein pxein
tte tn diopteuynta planmenon stra. ektvw d, to mn
lou tn di tn msvn e kinoumnou, sumbanei kribw
diopteontaw tn poxn ato laben, peidper n at
fretai e, n ka tw poxw tn xrnvn krnomen.
p d tn loipn, pe m p tathw e frontai, ll
ka lojn prw atn pollkiw poiontai tn knhsin, w pot
mn boreiotrouw atn, pot d notivtrouw gnesyai, pe d'
n tathw atow parallttontaw dioptesvmen, e tn p'
atow feromnhn k to mmatow eyean jaggvmen p
tn zvdiakn, ngkh, m ew atn pptein tn di msvn,
ll' ktw, p t boreitera tathw, p t notitera,
ka di toto mhd tn poxn atn kribw katalam-
bnesyai, peidper, w epon, kat mnhn tn di msvn
tn poxn gnetai krsiw.
Pw stin eren ksthn moran to zvdia-
ko, pson to shmerino parallssei p
bor
=n ka p nton: movw d ka tn lion
ka tn selnhn, tn planvmnvn kaston.
Ersomen d k tw to rgnou xrsevw ka ksthn to
zvdiako moran, pson kat pltow to shmerino disth-
ken p bor
=n p nton, tn trpon toton. erhtai mn
n tow prolabosin, ti t metaj to xeimerino tropiko
ka to yerino disthma tn lhn to zvdiako dielhfe
ljvsin, moirn prxousan mh. p mn gr to yeri-
no tropiko mxri to shmerino mora esi kd, p d
shmerino mxri to xeimerino a loipa morai kd. d-
lon d ti ka p tn xeimerinn tropn mxri yerinn
t lon mikklion dierxmenow liow p bor
=n cotai,
mpalin d p yerinn mxri xeimerinn tapeinotai p
nton. metaj d dhlonti to yerino tropiko ka to
xeimerino shmerinw prxei kklow. yen sumbanei
dw to niauto tn lion n tot gnesyai, p mn tn
yerinn tropn p tw xeimerinw tropw rxmenon kat
tn zugn, p d tn xeimerinn p tw yerinw kat
tn krin, ste sumbanein kay' kaston mikklion pot
mn p bor
=n, pot d p nton to shmerino tn lion
gnesyai. e on boulhyehmen ka ksthn moran to zvdiako
kay' kteron mikklion eren, pson to shmerino kklou
disthken p t breia p t ntia, ersomen toton
tn trpon.
Tn shmerinn shmevn, lgv d tn rxn to krio
to zugo, de t pr gn farmsai mesouran, ka sh-
meisasyai n pptei paralll: eta plin tn zhtou-
mnhn tn zvdiako moran t at farmsai meshmbrin
ka shmeisasyai n pptvke paralll. totou d ge-
nomnou, souw n ervmen paralllouw kklouw p to
shmerino mxriw kenhw tw moraw, tosataw moraw a-
tn diestnai to shmerino fsomen: pteron d p t
breia p t ntia, atyen k tw cevw t zhtome-
non xomen. n mn gr jv to shmerino zhtoumnh
mora ppt, w p tn xeimerinn tropikn, sper p
to tumpnou kataggraptai, dlon ti p t ntia to
shmerino disthken: n d ntw to shmerino, w p
tn yerinn tropikn, lgomen p to shmerino peri-
xesyai, dlon plin w p bor
=n zhtoumnh to zvdia-
ko parallttei mora. dlon d tot sti ka j atw
mnhw tw tn zvdvn ysevw. e mn gr t met tn r-
xn to krio vw tw ky to agokervw zhtomen,
dlon w p t breion to shmerino parallttou-
sin: e d t met tn rxn to zugo vw tw ky
tn xyvn, p t ntion to ato mesourano tn
parallagn jousi. pant d fanern w nteyen xomen
pntote lou (l. lion) ka selnhw (l. selnhn) ka tn pla-
nvmnvn strvn kaston, labntew kay' ksthn to zv-
diako ginomnhn moran, pson p nton p bor
=n
to shmerino parallttousi. tn gr moran, n pxei
liow selnh tn planvmnvn strvn kastow, la-
bntew, ka t proeirhmna pnta poisantew, ersomen t
zhtomenon. son gr to zvdiako mora parallttei to
shmerino p bor
=n p nton, tosathn ka p' atw
str tn parallagn poietai. t at meyd xrh-
smenoi ka kstou (l. kaston) tn n t rxn plann
esmeya, pteron notiterw stin boreiterow to sh-
merino, ka psaiw totou moraiw disthken p ytera.
tlow.