Aristotelis Opera selecta
De Anima
PERI CUXHS A
Tn kaln ka timvn tn edhsin polambnontew, ml-
lon d' tran traw kat' krbeian t beltinvn te
ka yaumasivtrvn enai, di' mftera tata tn per tw cu-
xw storan elgvw n n prtoiw tiyehmen. doke d ka
prw lyeian pasan gnsiw atw megla sumbl-
lesyai, mlista d prw tn fsin: sti gr oon rx
tn zvn. pizhtomen d yevrsai ka gnnai tn te f-
sin atw ka tn osan, ey' sa sumbbhke per atn:
n t mn dia pyh tw cuxw enai doke, t d di'
kenhn ka tow zoiw prxein. pnt d pntvw st tn
xalepvttvn laben tina pstin per atw. ka gr, ntow
koino to zhtmatow ka pollow troiw, lgv d to per
tn osan ka t t sti, tx' n t djeie ma tiw enai
myodow kat pntvn per n boulmeya gnnai tn o-
san, sper ka tn kat sumbebhkw dvn pdeijiw,
ste zhthton n eh tn myodon tathn: e d m sti ma
tiw ka koin myodow per t t stin, ti xalepteron
gnetai t pragmateuynai: desei gr laben per ka-
ston tw trpow, n d fanern pteron pdeijw
stin diaresiw ka tiw llh myodow, ti pollw
poraw xei ka plnaw, k tnvn de zhten: llai gr
llvn rxa, kayper riymn ka pipdvn.
prton d' svw nagkaon dielen n tni tn genn ka t
sti, lgv d pteron tde ti ka osa poin posn, ka tiw
llh tn diaireyeisn kathgorin, ti d pteron tn n
dunmei ntvn mllon ntelxei tiw: diafrei gr o ti
mikrn. skepton d ka e merist merw, ka pteron
moeidw pasa cux o: e d m moeidw, pteron
edei diafrousa gnei. nn mn gr o lgontew ka zh-
tontew per cuxw per tw nyrvpnhw mnhw okasin pi-
skopen: elabhton d' pvw m lanyn pteron ew lgow
atw sti, kayper zou, kay' kaston terow, oon
ppou, kunw, nyrpou, yeo, t d zon t kaylou toi o-
yn stin steron, movw d kn e ti koinn llo kath-
goroto: ti d, e m polla cuxa ll mria, pteron de
zhten prteron tn lhn cuxn t mria. xalepn d ka
totvn diorsai poa pfuken tera lllvn, ka pteron
t mria xr zhten prteron t rga atn, oon t
noen tn non, ka t asynesyai t asyhtikn: movw
d ka p tn llvn. e d t rga prteron, plin n tiw
porseien e t ntikemena prteron totvn zhthton, oon
t asyhtn to asyhtiko, ka t nohtn to no.
oike d'
o mnon t t sti gnnai xrsimon enai prw t yevrsai
tw ataw tn sumbebhktvn taw osaiw (sper n tow
maymasi t t ey ka t kamplon, t gramm ka p-
pedon, prw t katiden psaiw ryaw a to trignou gvnai
sai), ll ka npalin t sumbebhkta sumblletai
mga mrow prw t ednai t t stin: peidn gr xv-
men podidnai kat tn fantasan per tn sumbebhk-
tvn, pntvn tn plestvn, tte ka per tw osaw
jomen lgein kllista: pshw gr podejevw rx t
t stin, ste kay' souw tn rismn m sumbanei t sum-
bebhkta gnvrzein, ll mhd' eksai per atn e-
marw, dlon ti dialektikw erhntai ka kenw pantew.
poran d' xei ka t pyh tw cuxw, ptern sti pn-
ta koin ka to xontow sti ti ka tw cuxw dion
atw: toto gr laben mn nagkaon, o =dion d. fane-
tai d tn mn plestvn oyn neu to smatow psxein od
poien, oon rgzesyai, yarren, piyumen, lvw asynesyai,
mlista d' oiken d t noen: e d' st ka toto fantasa
tiw m neu fantasaw, ok ndxoit' n od tot' neu
smatow enai. e mn on sti ti tn tw cuxw rgvn
payhmtvn dion, ndxoit' n atn xvrzesyai: e d mh-
yn stin dion atw, ok n eh xvrist, ll kayper t
eye, ey, poll sumbanei, oon ptesyai tw [xal-
ks] sfaraw kat stigmn, o mntoi g' cetai otvw xvri-
syn ti ey: xriston gr, eper e met smatw tinow
stin. oike d ka t tw cuxw pyh pnta enai me-
t smatow, yumw, prathw, fbow, leow, yrsow, ti
xar ka t filen te ka misen: ma gr totoiw psxei
ti t sma. mhnei d t pot mn sxurn ka nargn
payhmtvn sumbainntvn mhdn parojnesyai fobesyai,
note d' p mikrn ka maurn kinesyai, tan rg
t sma ka otvw x sper tan rgzhtai. ti d
mllon toto fanern: mhyenw gr fobero sumbanon-
tow n tow pyesi gnontai tow to foboumnou. e d' otvw
xei, dlon ti t pyh lgoi nulo esin: ste o roi
toiotoi oon "t rgzesyai knhsw tiw to toioud smatow
mrouw dunmevw p tode neka tode", ka di tata dh
fusiko t yevrsai per cuxw, pshw tw toiathw.
diaferntvw d' n rsainto fusikw [te] ka dialektikw
kaston atn, oon rg t stin: mn gr rejin nti-
lupsevw ti toioton, d zsin to per kardan amatow
ka yermo. totvn d mn tn lhn poddvsin, d t
edow ka tn lgon. mn gr lgow de to prgmatow,
ngkh d' enai toton n l toi&d, e stai: sper okaw
mn lgow toiotow, ti skpasma kvlutikn fyorw p'
nmvn ka mbrvn ka kaumtvn, d fsei lyouw ka
plnyouw ka jla, terow d' n totoiw t edow neka tvn-
d. tw on fusikw totvn; pteron per tn lhn, tn d
lgon gnon, per tn lgon mnon; mllon j
mfon; kenvn d d tw kterow; ok stin ew per
t pyh tw lhw t m xvrist mhd' xvrist, ll'
fusikw per pany' sa to toioud smatow ka tw toi-
athw lhw rga ka pyh, sa d m toiata, llow,
ka per tinn mn texnthw, n tx, oon tktvn
atrw, tn d m xvristn mn, d m toiotou sma-
tow pyh ka j fairsevw, mayhmatikw, d kexvri-
smna, prtow filsofow; ll' paniton yen lgow.
lgomen d ti t pyh tw cuxw otvw xrista tw fusikw
lhw tn zvn, ge toiay' prxei yumw ka fbow,
ka ox sper gramm ka ppedon.
Episkopontaw d per cuxw nagkaon, ma diapo-
rontaw per n eporen de proelyntaw, tw tn protrvn
djaw sumparalambnein soi ti per atw pefnanto,
pvw t mn kalw erhmna lbvmen, e d ti m ka-
lw, tot' elabhymen. rx d tw zhtsevw proysyai
t mlista dokony' prxein at kat fsin. t m-
cuxon d to cxou dus mlista diafrein doke, kinsei
te ka t asynesyai. pareilfamen d ka par tn pro-
genestrvn sxedn do tata per cuxw: fas gr nioi
ka mlista ka prtvw cuxn enai t kinon, ohyntew d
t m kinomenon at m ndxesyai kinen teron, tn
kinoumnvn ti tn cuxn plabon enai. yen Dhmkritow mn
pr ti ka yermn fhsin atn enai: pervn gr ntvn
sxhmtvn ka tmvn t sfairoeid pr ka cuxn l-
gei (oon n t ri t kalomena jsmata, fanetai n
taw di tn yurdvn ktsin), n tn mn pansperman
stoixea lgei tw lhw fsevw (movw d ka Lekippos), to-
tvn d t sfairoeid cuxn, di t mlista di pantw d-
nasyai diadnein tow toiotouw =usmow ka kinen t loip,
kinomena ka at, polambnontew tn cuxn enai t
parxon tow zoiw tn knhsin: di ka to zn ron enai
tn napnon: sungontow gr to perixontow t smata
ka kylbontow tn sxhmtvn t parxonta tow zoiw
tn knhsin di t mhd' at remen mhdpote, boyeian
gnesyai yrayen peisintvn llvn toiotvn n t napnen:
kvlein gr at ka t nuprxonta n tow zoiw k-
krnesyai, sunanergonta t sungon ka phgnon: ka zn
d vw n dnvntai toto poien.
oike d ka t par tn
Puyagorevn legmenon tn atn xein dinoian: fasan
gr tinew atn cuxn enai t n t ri jsmata, o
d t tata kinon, per d totvn erhtai ti sunexw
fanetai kinomena, kn nhnema pantelw. p tat d
frontai ka soi lgousi tn cuxn t at kinon: o-
kasi gr otoi pntew peilhfnai tn knhsin okeitaton
enai t cux, ka t mn lla pnta kinesyai di tn
cuxn, tathn d' f' autw, di t mhyn rn kinon
m ka at kinetai. movw d ka Anajagraw cuxn
enai lgei tn kinosan, ka e tiw llow erhken w t pn
knhse now: o mn pantelw g' sper Dhmkritow. kenow
mn gr plw tatn cuxn ka non (t gr lhyw e-
nai t fainmenon, di kalw poisai [tn] Omhron w
Ektvr "ket' llofronvn": o d xrtai t n w dunmei
tin per tn lyeian, ll tat lgei cuxn ka non):
Anajagraw d' tton diasafe per atn: pollaxo mn
gr t ation to kalw ka ryw tn non lgei, trvyi
d tn non enai tatn t cux: n pasi gr prxein atn
tow zoiw, ka megloiw ka mikrow, ka timoiw ka timo-
troiw: o fanetai d' ge kat frnhsin legmenow now psin
movw prxein tow zoiw, ll' od tow nyrpoiw psin.
soi mn on p t kinesyai t mcuxon pble-
can, otoi t kinhtiktaton plabon tn cuxn: soi d'
p t ginskein ka t asynesyai tn ntvn, otoi d l-
gousi tn cuxn tw rxw, o mn pleouw poiontew, tataw,
o d man, tathn, sper Empedoklw mn k tn stoixevn
pntvn, enai d ka kaston cuxn totvn, lgvn otvw,
ga mn gr gaan ppamen, dati d' dvr,
ayri d' ayra dan, tr pur pr dhlon,
storg d storgn, nekow d te neke lugr:
tn atn d trpon ka Pltvn n t Tima tn cu-
xn k tn stoixevn poie: ginskesyai gr t mo t
moion, t d prgmata k tn rxn enai. movw d
ka n tow per filosofaw legomnoiw divrsyh, at mn
t zon j atw tw to nw daw ka to prtou mkouw
ka pltouw ka byouw, t d' lla moiotrpvw: ti d
ka llvw, non mn t n, pistmhn d t do (monaxw
gr f' n), tn d to pipdou riymn djan, asyhsin d
tn to stereo. o mn gr riymo t edh at ka a
rxa lgonto, es d' k tn stoixevn, krnetai d t
prgmata t mn n, t d' pistm, t d dj, t d'
asysei: edh d' o riymo otoi tn pragmtvn.
pe d ka
kinhtikn dkei cux enai ka gnvristikn otvw, nioi
sunplejan j mfon, pofhnmenoi tn cuxn riymn
kinony' autn. diafrontai d per tn rxn, tnew ka
psai, mlista mn o svmatikw poiontew tow svmtouw,
totoiw d' o mjantew ka p' mfon tw rxw po-
fhnmenoi. diafrontai d ka per to plyouw: o mn gr
man o d pleouw lgousin. pomnvw d totoiw ka tn
cuxn podidasin: t gr kinhtikn tn fsin tn pr-
tvn peilfasin, ok lgvw. yen doj tisi pr enai:
ka gr toto leptomerstatn te ka mlista tn stoixevn
smaton, ti d kineta te ka kine t lla prtvw.
Dhmkritow d ka glafurvtrvw erhken pofainmenow
di t totvn kteron: cuxn mn gr enai tat ka non,
toto d' enai tn prtvn ka diairtvn svmtvn, kinhti-
kn d di mikromreian ka t sxma: tn d sxhmtvn
ekinhttaton t sfairoeidw lgei: toioton d' enai tn te
non ka t pr. Anajagraw d' oike mn teron lgein cu-
xn te ka non, sper epomen ka prteron, xrtai d'
mfon w mi fsei, pln rxn ge tn non tyetai m-
lista pntvn: mnon gon fhsn atn tn ntvn plon enai
ka mig te ka kayarn. poddvsi d' mfv t at
rx, t te ginskein ka t kinen, lgvn non kinsai t
pn. oike d ka Yalw j n pomnhmoneousi kinhtikn
ti tn cuxn polaben, eper tn lyon fh cuxn xein,
ti tn sdhron kine: Diognhw d' sper ka tero tinew
ra, toton ohyew pntvn leptomerstaton enai ka rxn:
ka di toto ginskein te ka kinen tn cuxn, mn pr-
tn sti, ka k totou t loip, ginskein, d lepttaton,
kinhtikn enai. ka Hrkleitow d tn rxn ena fhsi
cuxn, eper tn nayumasin, j w tlla sunsthsin: ka
svmattatn te ka =on e: t d kinomenon kinoumn
ginskesyai: n kinsei d' enai t nta kkenow eto ka
o pollo. paraplhsvw d totoiw ka Alkmavn oiken
polaben per cuxw: fhs gr atn ynaton enai
di t oiknai tow yantoiw: toto d' prxein at w
e kinoumn: kinesyai gr ka t yea pnta sunexw
e, selnhn, lion, tow straw ka tn orann lon. tn d
fortikvtrvn ka dvr tinw pefnanto, kayper Ippvn:
peisynai d' okasin k tw gonw, ti pntvn gr. ka
gr lgxei tow ama fskontaw tn cuxn, ti gon
ox ama: tathn d' enai tn prthn cuxn. teroi d' a-
ma, kayper Kritaw, t asynesyai cuxw okeitaton
polambnontew, toto d' prxein di tn to amatow f-
sin. pnta gr t stoixea kritn elhfe, pln tw gw:
tathn d' oyew popfantai, pln e tiw atn erhken k
pntvn enai tn stoixevn pnta.
rzontai d pntew tn cuxn trisn w epen, kinsei, a-
sysei, t svmt: totvn d' kaston ngetai prw tw r-
xw. di ka o t ginskein rizmenoi atn stoixeon k
tn stoixevn poiosi, lgontew paraplhsvw llloiw, pln
nw: fas gr ginskesyai t moion t mo: peid gr
cux pnta ginskei, sunistsin atn k pasn tn r-
xn. soi mn on man tin lgousin atan ka stoixeon n,
ka tn cuxn n tiyasin, oon pr ra: o d pleouw
lgontew tw rxw ka tn cuxn plev poiosin. Anaj-
agraw d mnow pay fhsin enai tn non, ka koinn
oyn oyen tn llvn xein. toiotow d' n pw gnvrie ka
di tn' atan, ot' kenow erhken ot' k tn erhmnvn sum-
fanw stin. soi d' nantiseiw poiosin n taw rxaw, ka
tn cuxn k tn nantvn sunistsin: o d yteron tn
nantvn, oon yermn cuxrn ti toioton llo, ka tn
cuxn movw n ti totvn tiyasin. di ka tow nmasin
kolouyosin, o mn t yermn lgontew, ti di toto ka t
zn nmastai, o d t cuxrn, di tn napnon ka
tn katcujin kalesyai cuxn. t mn on paradedomna per
cuxw, ka di' w ataw lgousin otv, tat' stn.
Episkepton d prton mn per kinsevw: svw gr o
mnon cedw sti t tn osan atw toiathn enai oan
fasn o lgontew cuxn enai t kinon aut dunmenon
kinen, ll' n ti tn duntvn t prxein at knhsin.
ti mn on ok nagkaon t kinon ka at kinesyai, pr-
teron erhtai. dixw d kinoumnou pants gr kay' teron
kay' at: kay' teron d lgomen sa kinetai t n
kinoumn enai, oon plvtrew: o gr movw kinontai t
plo: t mn gr kay' at kinetai, o d t n kinou-
mn enai (dlon d' p tn morvn: okea mn gr sti
knhsiw podn bdisiw, ath d ka nyrpvn: ox prxei
d tow plvtrsi tde) dixw d legomnou to kinesyai
nn piskopomen per tw cuxw e kay' atn kine-
tai ka metxei kinsevw.
tessrvn d kinsevn osn,
forw lloisevw fysevw ajsevw, man totvn ki-
not' n pleouw psaw. e d kinetai m kat sum-
bebhkw, fsei n prxoi knhsiw at: e d toto, ka
tpow: psai gr a lexyesai kinseiw n tp. e d'
stn osa tw cuxw t kinen autn, o kat sum-
bebhkw at t kinesyai prjei, sper t leuk
t tripxei: kinetai gr ka tata, ll kat sumbebh-
kw: gr prxousin, keno kinetai, t sma. di ka
ok sti tpow atn: tw d cuxw stai, eper fsei ki-
nsevw metxei. ti d' e fsei kinetai, kn b& kinh-
yeh: kn e b&, ka fsei. tn atn d trpon xei ka
per remaw: ew gr kinetai fsei, ka reme n tot
fsei: movw d ka ew kinetai b&, ka reme n to-
t b&. poai d baioi tw cuxw kinseiw sontai ka
remai, od plttein boulomnoiw =dion podonai. ti d'
e mn nv kinsetai, pr stai, e d ktv, g: totvn
gr tn svmtvn a kinseiw atai: d' atw lgow ka
per tn metaj. ti d' pe fanetai kinosa t sma,
tataw elogon kinen tw kinseiw w ka at kinetai.
e d toto, ka ntistrcasin epen lhyw ti n t s-
ma kinetai, tathn ka at. t d sma kinetai for:
ste ka cux metablloi n kat t sma lh
kat mria meyistamnh. e d tot' ndxetai, ka jelyo-
san esinai plin ndxoit' n: tot d' poit' n t
nstasyai t teyneta tn zvn. tn d kat sumbebhkw
knhsin kn f' trou kinoto: syeh gr n b& t zon.
o de d t f' auto kinesyai n t os&, toy' p'
llou kinesyai, pln e m kat sumbebhkw, sper od
t kay' at gayn di' at, t mn di' llo enai, t
d' trou neken. tn d cuxn mlista fah tiw n p tn
asyhtn kinesyai, eper kinetai. ll mn ka e kine
ge at atn, ka at kinot' n, st' e psa knhsiw
kstasw sti to kinoumnou kinetai, ka cux jstait'
n k tw osaw, e m kat sumbebhkw autn kine,
ll' stn knhsiw tw osaw atw kay' atn. nioi d ka
kinen fasi tn cuxn t sma n stin, w at kinetai,
oon Dhmkritow, paraplhsvw lgvn Filpp t kvmdo-
didaskl: fhs gr tn Dadalon kinoumnhn poisai
tn julnhn Afrodthn, gxant' rguron xutn: movw d
ka Dhmkritow lgei: kinoumnaw gr fhsi tw diairtouw
sfaraw, di t pefuknai mhdpote mnein, suneflkein
ka kinen t sma pn. mew d' rvtsomen e ka r-
mhsin poie toto at: pw d poisei, xalepn ka
dnaton epen. lvw d' ox otv fanetai kinen cux
t zon, ll di proairsew tinow ka nosevw.
tn atn d trpon ka Tmaiow fusiologe tn cuxn
kinen t sma: t gr kinesyai atn ka t sma kinen di
t sumpeplxyai prw at. sunesthkuan gr k tn stoi-
xevn ka memerismnhn kat tow rmonikow riymow, pvw
asyhsn te smfuton rmonaw x ka t pn frhtai
sumfnouw forw, tn eyuvran ew kklon katkamcen:
ka dieln k to nw do kklouw dissax sunhmmnouw
plin tn na dielen ew pt kklouw, w osaw tw to
orano forw tw tw cuxw kinseiw.
prton mn on o ka-
lw t lgein tn cuxn mgeyow enai: tn gr to pantw
dlon ti toiathn enai boletai on pot' stn kalo-
menow now (o gr d on g' asyhtik, od' oon pi-
yumhtik: totvn gr knhsiw o kuklofora): d now ew
ka sunexw sper ka nhsiw: d nhsiw t noma-
ta: tata d t fejw n, w riymw, ll' ox w t
mgeyow: diper od' now otv sunexw, ll' toi merw
ox w mgeyw ti sunexw. pw gr d ka nosei, mgeyow
n, pteron ton tn morvn tn ato, morvn d' toi kat
mgeyow kat stigmn, e de ka toto mrion epen; e mn on kat stigmn, atai d' peiroi, dlon w odpote
dijeisin: e d kat mgeyow, pollkiw peirkiw no-
sei t at. fanetai d ka paj ndexmenon. e d' ka-
nn yigen ton tn morvn, t de kkl kinesyai, ka
lvw mgeyow xein; e d' nagkaon nosai t l kkl
yignta, tw stin tow moroiw yjiw; ti d pw nosei t
meristn mere t merw merist; nagkaon d tn
non enai tn kklon toton: no mn gr knhsiw nhsiw k-
klou d perifor: e on nhsiw perifor, ka now n eh
kklow o toiath perifor nhsiw. e d d t no-
sei (de gr, eper diow perifor); tn mn gr pra-
ktikn nosevn sti prata (psai gr trou xrin), a d
yevrhtika tow lgoiw movw rzontai: lgow d pw ri-
smw pdeijiw: a mn on podejeiw ka p' rxw ka
xousa pvw tlow, tn sullogismn t sumprasma (e d
m peratontai, ll' ok nakmptous ge plin p' rxn,
proslambnousai d' e mson ka kron eyuporosin: d
perifor plin p' rxn nakmptei): o d' rismo pn-
tew peperasmnoi. ti e at perifor pollkiw, de-
sei pollkiw noen t at. ti d' nhsiw oiken remsei
tin ka pistsei mllon kinsei: tn atn d trpon
ka sullogismw. ll mn od makrin ge t m =-
dion ll baion: e d' stn knhsiw atw osa, par
fsin n kinoto. pponon d ka t memxyai t smati
m dunmenon poluynai, ka prosti feuktn, eper
bltion t n m met smatow enai, kayper evy
te lgesyai ka pollow sundoke. dhlow d ka to
kkl fresyai tn orann ata: ote gr tw cuxw
osa ata to kkl fresyai, ll kat sumbebhkw
otv kinetai, ote t sma ation, ll' cux mllon
ken. ll mn od' ti bltion lgetai: katoi g' xrn di
toto tn yen kkl poien fresyai tn cuxn, ti bltion
at t kinesyai to mnein, kinesyai d' otvw llvw.
pe d' stn toiath skciw trvn lgvn okeiotra,
tathn mn fmen t nn. keno d topon sumbanei
ka tot t lg ka tow plestoiw tn per cuxw:
sunptousi gr ka tiyasin ew sma tn cuxn, oyn
prosdiorsantew di tn' atan ka pw xontow to s-
matow. katoi djeien n tot' nagkaon enai: di gr tn
koinvnan t mn poie t d psxei ka t mn kinetai t
d kine, totvn d' oyn prxei prw llhla tow tuxosin.
o d mnon pixeirosi lgein pon ti cux, per d to
dejomnou smatow oyn ti prosdiorzousin, sper ndex-
menon kat tow Puyagorikow myouw tn tuxosan cuxn ew
t tuxn ndesyai sma. doke gr kaston dion xein e-
dow ka morfn, paraplsion d lgousin sper e tiw
fah tn tektonikn ew alow ndesyai: de gr tn mn
txnhn xrsyai tow rgnoiw, tn d cuxn t smati.
Ka llh d tiw dja paraddotai per cuxw, pi-
yan mn pollow odemiw tton tn legomnvn, lgon d'
sper eynoiw dedvkua kn tow n koin gegenhmnoiw lgoiw.
rmonan gr tina atn lgousi: ka gr tn rmo-
nan krsin ka snyesin nantvn enai, ka t sma sug-
kesyai j nantvn. katoi ge mn rmona lgow tw sti
tn mixyntvn snyesiw, tn d cuxn odteron on t'
enai totvn. ti d t kinen ok stin rmonaw, cux d
pntew ponmousi toto mlisy' w epen. rmzei d ml-
lon kay' gieaw lgein rmonan, ka lvw tn svmatikn
retn, kat cuxw. fanertaton d' e tiw po-
didnai peirayeh t pyh ka t rga tw cuxw rmon&
tin: xalepn gr farmzein. ti d' e lgomen tn
rmonan ew do poblpontew, kuritata mn, tn megeyn
n tow xousi knhsin ka ysin, tn snyesin atn, pei-
dn otv sunarmzvsin ste mhdn suggenw paradxesyai,
nteyen d ka tn tn memigmnvn lgon odetrvw mn on
elogon, d snyesiw tn to smatow mern lan eej-
tastow. polla te gr a sunyseiw tn mern ka polla-
xw: tnow on pw polaben tn non xr snyesin enai,
ka t asyhtikn rektikn; movw d topon ka t tn
lgon tw mjevw enai tn cuxn: o gr tn atn xei
lgon mjiw tn stoixevn kay' n srj ka kay' n ston.
sumbsetai on pollw te cuxw xein ka kat pn t
sma, eper pnta mn k tn stoixevn memigmnvn, d
tw mjevw lgow rmona ka cux. paitseie d' n tiw
tot ge ka par' Empedoklouw: kaston gr atn lg
tin fhsin enai: pteron on lgow stn cux, ml-
lon tern ti osa ggnetai tow mresin; ti d pteron
fila tw tuxoshw ata mjevw tw kat tn lgon, ka
ath pteron lgow stn par tn lgon tern ti;
tata mn on xei toiataw poraw. e d' stn teron
cux tw mjevw, t d pote ma t sark enai naire-
tai ka t tow lloiw moroiw to zou; prw d totoiw eper
m kaston tn morvn cuxn xei, e m stin cux lgow
tw mjevw, t stin fyeretai tw cuxw poliposhw;
ti mn on oy' rmonan on t' enai tn cuxn
ote kkl perifresyai, dlon k tn erhmnvn. kat
sumbebhkw d kinesyai, kayper epomen, sti, ka ki-
nen autn, oon kinesyai mn n sti, toto d kinesyai
p tw cuxw: llvw d' ox on te kinesyai kat tpon
atn. elogteron d' porseien n tiw per atw w ki-
noumnhw, ew t toiata poblcaw: famn gr tn cuxn
lupesyai xarein, yarren fobesyai, ti d rgzesya
te ka asynesyai ka dianoesyai: tata d pnta
kinseiw enai dokosin. yen ohyeh tiw n atn kinesyai:
t d' ok stin nagkaon. e gr ka ti mlista t lupe-
syai xarein dianoesyai kinseiw es, ka kaston ki-
nesya ti totvn, t d kinesya stin p tw cuxw, oon t
rgzesyai fobesyai t tn kardan d kinesyai, t
d dianoesyai ti toioton svw tern ti, totvn d sum-
banei t mn kat forn tinvn kinoumnvn, t d kat'
llovsin (poa d ka pw, terw sti lgos), t d l-
gein rgzesyai tn cuxn moion kn e tiw lgoi tn cu-
xn fanein okodomen: bltion gr svw m lgein tn
cuxn leen manynein dianoesyai, ll tn nyrv-
pon t cux: toto d m w n ken tw kinsevw oshw,
ll' t mn mxri kenhw, t d' p' kenhw, oon mn
asyhsiw p tvnd, d' nmnhsiw p' kenhw p tw n
tow asyhthroiw kinseiw monw.
d now oiken ggnesyai
osa tiw osa, ka o fyeresyai. mlista gr fyeret' n
p tw n t gr& maursevw, nn d' sper p
tn asyhthrvn sumbanei: e gr lboi presbthw mma
toiond, blpoi n sper ka now. ste t graw o
t tn cuxn ti peponynai, ll' n , kayper n myaiw
ka nsoiw. ka t noen d ka t yevren maranetai
llou tinw sv fyeiromnou, at d payw stin. t d dia-
noesyai ka filen misen ok stin kenou pyh, ll toud
to xontow keno, keno xei. di ka totou fyeiromnou
ote mnhmoneei ote file: o gr kenou n, ll to koi-
no, plvlen: d now svw yeitern ti ka payw stin.
ti mn on ox on te kinesyai tn cuxn, fanern
k totvn: e d' lvw m kinetai, dlon w od' f' autw.
pol d tn erhmnvn logtaton t lgein riymn enai
tn cuxn kinony' autn: prxei gr atow dnata
prta mn t k to kinesyai sumbanonta, dia d' k to
lgein atn riymn. pw gr xr nosai monda kinou-
mnhn, ka p tnow, ka pw, mer ka diforon o-
san; gr sti kinhtik ka kinht, diafrein de. ti d'
pe fasi kinhyesan grammn ppedon poien, stigmn d
grammn, ka a tn mondvn kinseiw gramma sontai:
gr stigm monw sti ysin xousa, d' riymw tw
cuxw dh po sti ka ysin xei. ti d' riymo mn n
fl tiw riymn monda, lepetai llow riymw:
t d fut ka tn zvn poll diairomena z ka do-
ke tn atn cuxn xein t edei. djeie d' n oyn dia-
frein mondaw lgein svmtia mikr: ka gr k tn
Dhmokrtou sfairvn n gnvntai stigma, mnon d mn
t posn, stai [ti] n at t mn kinon t d kinomenon,
sper n t sunexe: o gr di t megyei diafrein
mikrthti sumbanei t lexyn, ll' ti posn: di nag-
kaon ena ti t kinson tw mondaw. e d' n t z t
kinon cux, ka n t riym, ste o t kinon ka
kinomenon cux, ll t kinon mnon. ndxetai d d
pw monda tathn enai; de gr prxein tin at
diaforn prw tw llaw, stigmw d monadikw tw n eh
diafor pln ysiw; e mn on esn terai a n t smati
mondew ka a stigma, n t at sontai a mondew:
kayjei gr xran stigmw. katoi t kvlei n t a-
t enai, e do, ka peira; n gr tpow diaretow,
ka at. e d' a n t smati stigma riymw tw
cuxw, e tn n t smati stigmn riymw
cux, di t o pnta cuxn xousi t smata; stigma
gr n pasi dokosin enai ka peiroi. ti d pw on te
xvrzesyai tw stigmw ka polesyai tn svmtvn, e
ge m diairontai a gramma ew stigmw;
Sumbanei d, kayper epomen, t mn tat lgein
tow sm ti leptomerw atn tiyesi, t d', sper Dh-
mkritow kinesya fhsin p tw cuxw, dion t topon.
eper gr stin cux n pant t asyanomn smati,
nagkaon n t at do enai smata, e sm ti
cux: tow d' riymn lgousin, n t mi stigm pol-
lw stigmw, ka pn sma cuxn xein, e m diafrvn
tiw riymw ggnetai ka llow tiw tn parxousn n
t smati stigmn: sumbanei te kinesyai t zon p
to riymo, kayper ka Dhmkriton at famen kinen:
t gr diafrei sfaraw lgein mikrw mondaw meglaw,
lvw mondaw feromnaw; mfotrvw gr nagkaon
kinen t zon t kinesyai tataw. tow d sumpl-
jasin ew t at knhsin ka riymn tat te sumbanei
ka poll tera toiata: o gr mnon rismn cuxw
dnaton toioton enai, ll ka sumbebhkw. dlon d' e
tiw pixeirseien k to lgou totou t pyh ka t rga
tw cuxw podidnai, oon logismow, asyseiw, donw,
lpaw, sa lla toiata: sper gr epomen prteron,
od mantesasyai =dion j atn.
trin d trpvn paradedomnvn kay' ow rzontai tn cu-
xn, o mn t kinhtiktaton pefnanto t kinen aut, o
d sma t leptomerstaton t svmattaton tn llvn.
tata d tnaw poraw te ka penantiseiw xei, dielhlya-
men sxedn: lepetai d' piskcasyai pw lgetai t k tn
stoixevn atn enai. lgousi mn gr, n' asynhta te
tn ntvn ka kaston gnvrz: nagkaon d sumbanein
poll ka dnata t lg. tyentai gr gnvrzein t
mo t moion, sper n e tn cuxn t prgmata
tiyntew. ok sti d mna tata, poll d ka tera,
mllon d' svw peira tn riymn t k totvn. j n
mn on stin kaston totvn, stv ginskein tn cuxn ka
asynesyai: ll t snolon tni gnvrie asysetai,
oon t yew nyrvpow srj ston; movw d ka
llo tion tn sunytvn: o gr pvson xonta t
stoixea totvn kaston, ll lg tin ka sunysei, kay-
per fhs ka Empedoklw t ston:
d xyn phrow n estrnoiw xonoisin
t do tn kt mervn lxe nstidow aglhw,
tssara d' Hfastoio: t d' sta leuk gnonto.
odn on felow nenai t stoixea n t cux, e m ka
o lgoi nsontai ka snyesiw: gnvrie gr kaston t
moion, t d' ston tn nyrvpon oyn, e m ka tat'
nstai. toto d' ti dnaton, oyn de lgein: tw gr n
porseien e nestin n t cux lyow nyrvpow; movw
d ka t gayn ka t m gayn: tn atn d trpon
ka per tn llvn.
ti d pollaxw legomnou to ntow
(shmanei gr t mn tde ti, t d posn poin ka
tina llhn tn diaireyeisn kathgorin) pteron j pn-
tvn stai cux o; ll' o doke koin pntvn enai
stoixea. r' on sa tn osin, k totvn mnon; pw on
ginskei ka tn llvn kaston; fsousin kstou gnouw
enai stoixea ka rxw daw, j n tn cuxn sunest-
nai; stai ra posn ka poin ka osa. ll' dnaton k
tn to poso stoixevn osan enai ka m posn. tow d
lgousin k pntvn tat te ka toiay' tera sumbanei.
topon d ka t fnai mn payw enai t moion p to
moou, asynesyai d t moion to moou ka ginskein
t mo t moion: t d' asynesyai psxein ti ka ki-
nesyai tiyasin: movw d ka t noen te ka ginskein.
pollw d' poraw ka dusxereaw xontow to lgein, kay-
per Empedoklw, w tow svmatikow stoixeoiw kasta
gnvrzetai, ka, prw, t mo, marture t nn lexyn:
sa gr stin n tow tn zvn smasin plw gw, oon
st nera trxew, oyenw asynesyai doke, st' od tn
movn: katoi prosken. ti d' kst tn rxn gnoia
plevn snesiw prjei: gnsetai mn gr n ksth,
poll d' gnosei: pnta gr tlla. sumbanei d' Em-
pedokle ge ka fronstaton enai tn yen: mnow gr tn
stoixevn n o gnvrie, t nekow, t d ynht pnta: k
pntvn gr kaston. lvw te di tn' atan ox panta
cuxn xei t nta, peid pn toi stoixeon k stoixeou
nw pleinvn pntvn; nagkaon gr stin n ti gi-
nskein tin pnta. porseie d' n tiw ka t pot'
st t nopoion at: l gr oike t ge stoixea, kuri-
taton d' keno t sunxon, t pot' stn: tw d cu-
xw ena ti kretton ka rxon dnaton: dunatteron d'
ti to no: elogon gr toton enai progenstaton ka krion
kat fsin, t d stoixe fasi prta tn ntvn enai.
pntew d ka o di t gnvrzein ka asynesyai t nta
tn cuxn k tn stoixevn lgontew atn, ka o t kinh-
tiktaton, o per pshw lgousi cuxw. ote gr t
asyanmena pnta kinhtik (fanetai gr ena tina m-
nima tn zvn kat tpon: katoi doke ge tathn mnhn
tn kinsevn kinen cux t zon): movw d ka soi
tn non ka t asyhtikn k tn stoixevn poiosin. fanetai
gr t te fut zn o metxonta [forw od'] asysevw,
ka tn zvn poll dinoian ok xein. e d tiw ka tata
paraxvrseie ka yeh tn non mrow ti tw cuxw, movw
d ka t asyhtikn, od' n otv lgoien kaylou per
pshw cuxw od per lhw odemiw. toto d pponye
ka n tow Orfikow kaloumnoiw pesi lgow: fhs gr
tn cuxn k to lou esinai napnentvn, feromnhn p
tn nmvn, ox on te d tow futow toto sumbanein od
tn zvn noiw, eper m pnta napnousin: toto d l-
lhye tow otvw peilhftaw. (e d de tn cuxn k tn
stoixevn poien, oyn de j pntvn: kann gr yteron
mrow tw nantisevw aut te krnein ka t ntikemenon.
ka gr t eye ka at ka t kamplon ginskomen:
kritw gr mfon kann, t d kamplon oy' auto
ote to eyow.) ka n t l d tinew atn memxya
fasin, yen svw ka Yalw Ӯyh pnta plrh yen enai.
toto d' xei tinw poraw: di tna gr atan n mn t
ri t pur osa cux o poie zon, n d tow mi-
ktow, ka tata beltvn n totoiw enai dokosa; (pizht-
seie d' n tiw ka di tn' atan n t ri cux tw
n tow zoiw beltvn st ka yanatvtra.) sumbanei d'
mfotrvw topon ka parlogon: ka gr t lgein
zon t pr tn ra tn paralogvtrvn st, ka t
m lgein za cuxw noshw topon. polaben d' okasin
enai tn cuxn n totoiw ti t lon tow moroiw moeidw:
st' nagkaon atow lgein ka tn cuxn moeid tow
moroiw enai, e t polambnesya ti to perixontow n
tow zoiw mcuxa t za gnetai. e d' mn r diasp-
menow moeidw, d cux nomoiomerw, t mn ti atw
prjei dlon ti, t d' ox prjei. nagkaon on atn
moiomer enai m nuprxein n ton mor to pantw.
fanern on k tn erhmnvn w ote t ginskein
prxei t cux di t k tn stoixevn enai, ote t
kinesyai atn kalw od' lhyw lgetai. pe d t
ginskein tw cuxw st ka t asynesya te ka t doj-
zein, ti d t piyumen ka bolesyai ka lvw a rjeiw,
gnetai d ka kat tpon knhsiw tow zoiw p tw
cuxw, ti d' ajh te ka km ka fysiw, pteron l
t cux totvn kaston prxei, ka ps noomn te ka
asyanmeya ka kinomeya ka tn llvn kaston poiomn te
ka psxomen, moroiw troiw tera; ka t zn d pteron n
tini totvn stn n ka n pleosin psin, ka llo ti
ation; lgousi d tinew meristn atn, ka ll mn
noen ll d piyumen. t on d pote sunxei tn cuxn,
e merist pfuken; o gr d t ge sma: doke gr ton-
anton mllon cux t sma sunxein: jelyoshw gon
diapnetai ka spetai. e on tern ti man atn poie,
keno mlist' n eh cux. desei d plin kkeno zh-
ten pteron n polumerw. e mn gr n, di t ok
eyvw ka cux n; e d meristn, plin lgow zh-
tsei t t sunxon keno, ka otv d preisin p t
peiron.
porseie d' n tiw ka per tn morvn atw,
tn' xei dnamin kaston n t smati. e gr lh
cux pn t sma sunxei, proskei ka tn morvn
kaston sunxein ti to smatow. toto d' oiken dunt:
poon gr mrion pw now sunjei, xalepn ka pl-
sai. fanetai d ka t fut diairomena zn ka tn
zvn nia tn ntmvn, w tn atn xonta cuxn t
edei, e ka m riym: kteron gr tn morvn asyhsin
xei ka kinetai kat tpon p tina xrnon. e d m
diatelosin, oyn topon: rgana gr ok xousin ste s-
zein tn fsin. ll' odn tton n katr tn morvn
pant' nuprxei t mria tw cuxw, ka moeid stin
llloiw ka t l, llloiw mn w o xvrist nta,
t d' l cux w o diairet os. oike d ka n
tow futow rx cux tiw enai: mnhw gr tathw koi-
nvne ka za ka fut, ka ath mn xvrzetai tw
asyhtikw rxw, asyhsin d' oyn neu tathw xei.
De Anima II
Copyright 2002 Giovanni Ferrero